Abrasive article

ABSTRACT

A grinding material or product which may be utilized in different forms and comprises laminated layers which interlock with each other when laminated to provide greater tensile strength. Layers of the basic material are formed by sandwiching abrasive particles between two layers of pre-bonded carded fiber. One sheet of a layer is initially passed through an adhesive and later spread in a controlled fashion with abrasive particles. A second sheet of the carded fiber is passed together with the first sheet through a pair of nip rolls which compress the two sheets together with the abrasive particles therebetween and provide a first layer of adhered sheets with the abrasive particles therebetween. 
     Subsequently, the resulting layer may be cut into sections and a plurality laminated together for a desired thickness. In the lamination step, sufficient pressure is applied that the abrasive particles of each layer will enter the interstices of the abrasive particles of adjacent layers and form an interlocking relationship therebetween which significantly increases the tensile strength of the material by virtue of such interlocking of the abrasive particles.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to abrasive articles and a method of making thesame.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Abrasive materials of the type to which this invention is directed mayconsist of a textile substance or fabric of the same, a fillerconsisting of cutting and polishing abrasive grains or powders and abinder which will bind the filler particles to the textile substance.This combination is disclosed as used to form buffing and polishingwheels is disclosed in early U.S. Pat. No. 334,671, but without abrasiveparticles.

A typical abrasive material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,284,738which discloses an abrasive article comprising a fibrous web formed froma plurality of carded fibrous membranes where the individual fibers arestated to be interwoven and forming interstices therebetween. Theinterstices are abrasive grains and are bonded to the web with asuitable adhesive.

Generally speaking abrasive or polishing tools of the type to which thisinvention relates includes a layer of fibrous body impregnated with abinder or adhesive. The layers may then be laminated together to form adisc as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,121,496. The various layers areformed of a carded fiber impregnated with a binder, and then a pluralityor multiplicity of layers are laminated to form the finished product.

In forming the product of U.S. Pat. No. 2,121,496 the bonded layers ofcarded fiber are laminated to form a product of predetermined dimension.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,284,738 discloses an abrasive material in which abrasiveparticles are bonded in the spaces between carded fibres. The resultinglayers are bonded together to form the resulting product. The methods bywhich the initial abrasive article is formed are disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 2,055,410 and 2,055,411 and also other methods are disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 2,055,410 and 2,055,411. The disclosures of which areincorporated herein as examples of prior art.

Abrasive tools as known in the prior art have a limited tensilestrength. Grinding discs as shown in the prior art have a limitedresistance to flying apart at high speeds of rotation.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a new and improved abrasivetool having a greater tensile strength. In particular, the presentinvention provides an abrasive tool of high tensile strength which willpermit greater speeds of rotation.

An object of this invention is to provide a new and improved method ofmaking abrasive materials and new and improved abrasive articles whichare useful for grinding and polishing wheels, grinding rods and sticksand deburring wheels and points.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly stated, the invention in one form thereof comprises a grindingmaterial or product which may utilized in different forms and compriseslayers which interlock with each other when laminated to provide greatertensile strength. Layers of the basic material are formed by sandwichingabrasive particles between two layers of pre-bonded carded fiber whichare bonded together. One sheet of a layer is initially passed through anadhesive and later spread in a controlled fashion with abrasiveparticles. The abrasive particles form interstices therebetween. Asecond sheet of the combed fiber is passed together with the first sheetthrough a pair of nip rolls which compress the two sheets together withthe abrasive particles therebetween and provide a first layer of adheredsheets with the abrasive particles therebetween.

Subsequently, the resulting layer may be cut into sections and aplurality or multiplicity laminated theretogether for a desired finalthickness in the lamination step. Sufficient pressure is applied thatthe abrasive particles of each layer will enter the interstices of theabrasive particles of adjacent layers and form an interlockingrelationship therebetween which significantly increases the tensilestrength of the material by virtue of such interlocking of the abrasiveparticles to provide a superior product.

The features of the invention which are believed to be novel areparticularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concludingportion of this specification. The invention, however, together withfurther objects and advantages thereof may best be appreciated byreference to the following detailed description taken in conjunctionwith the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing how a basic component of theinvention is made and also the resulting component which is a feature ofthe invention;

FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing an optional embodiment ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a portion of the component or layer whichis made in accordance with FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view through a lamination of layers of thecomponents made in accordance with FIGS. 1 or 2 showing the interlockingrelationship of the various layers; and

FIGS. 5-8 are side elevations of abrasive devices which may be made withproducts of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Reference is made now to FIG. 1 which shows an apparatus 10 forpracticing a method to produce a product in accordance with theinvention.

A first roll 11 has mounted thereon a sheet or strip 12 of pre-bondedcarded fiber such as for example cotton or rayon of a thickness whichmay be in the range of 0.001 to 0.003" on bended form. The strips 12 and14 hereinafter mentioned may have voids therein as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 2,284,738 and will hereinafter be discussed. The binder may bya polyvinyl acetate or alcohol or any other suitable binder.

A second roll 13 has mounted thereon a second sheet of similar cardedand bonded fiber 14. The first sheet or strip 12 is passed through aliquid receptacle 15 which in the first instance will contain a liquidbinder such as a casein based adhesive. The strip 12 passes over idlerrollers 16 and 17 and beneath roller 18 into a bath of the liquid 19which is the binder. The first sheet 12 then passes beneath a hopper 20or other distributing device which contains an abrasive material 21which will uniformly dispense abrasive particles 21 as shown dropping indots onto the binder on strip 12. The abrasive particles are preferablyaluminum oxide or silicon carbide, but may be any other abrasive. Theabrasive particles are in a range of grit size #16-#320 dependent on theultimate use of the finished product. The major cross dimension of theabrasive particles is greater than the thickness of strips 12 and 14 forreasons hereinafter explained and made apparent. The hopper will be setwith an opening to distribute abrasive in a given concentration per unitarea on the strip 12 with the binder thereon. The concentration per unitarea and the size of the particles will be determined by thespecifications of the finished product. Strip 14 passes over an idler 27to compression nip rollers 22 and 23 where it is adhered to at strip 12with the abrasive particles and binder thereon. The strips 12 and 14 areadhered or merged into strip 24 at nip rollers 22 and 23 and new strip24 may be subjected to air jets identified by arrows A to dry any excessmoisture At this point the binder will saturate and fill the spacebetween the strips 12 and 14 as hereinafter exemplified.

The strips 12 and 14 may be purchased as prepared strips of bondedcarded fibre or alternatively may come directly from lines where thecarded fibre is passed through and retained in a binder to provide thestrips 12 and 14.

Dependent on the ultimate product the strip 24 could be passed to othercoating apparati as shown in FIG. 2 for saturation with a rubber, eithersynthetic or natural, and further to a coating station for furthersaturation with a thermosetting resin. In passing through the rubber,there is saturation of layer 24 and the rubber will combine with anddisplace some of the binder 19. In such case the strip 24 would merelybe passed to liquid receptacles such as receptacle 15 to receive theappropriate coatings of rubber or for a further coating of athermosetting resin and then rolled up on a take up roller.

FIG. 2 exemplifies an extension of the process shown in FIG. 1. Here,the strip 24 after leaving pinch rolls 22 and 23 is moved to areceptacle 28 containing a liquid rubber 29 and is guided by rolls 30,31, and 32. Further abrasion may be deposited on strip 24 at a locationindicated by arrow B if desired. However, it is preferred that allabrasive material be uniformily deposited by hopper 20. Rubber saturatedstrip 24 then passes between pinch rolls 33 and 34 to remove any excessrubber and provide a uniform saturation of the rubber on strip 24. Atthis point drying air may be directed on the strip 24 to remove anyexcess moisture, as indicated by the arrows C.

Subsequent to passing compression nip rolls 33, 34 additional abrasivemay be deposited from a hopper at a location indicated by the arrow C.

Thereafter, strip 24 is guided into a receptacle 35 containing athermosetting resin 36 by rolls 37, 38, and 39, and through another setof pinch rolls 40 and 41 which serve the same purpose as pinch rolls 33and 34 for the rubber. Drying air may be applied to the layer 24 afterrolls 40 and 41 to dry excess moisture at a point indicated by thearrows D. Thereafter the strip 24 is guided to the take-up roll 26.

The resin also saturates the layer 24 and may displace or combine withthe other adhesives.

Subsequent to passing compression nip rolls 40, 41 additional abrasivemy be deposited from a hopper at a location indicated by the arrow E.

In the alternative the take up roller 26 could be substituted for theroller 11 and the receptacle 15 changed to have rubber placed therein.At this time the strip 14 would not be introduced. Thereafter anothersubstitution could be made for the rubber coated strip 24 from take uproller 26 and the thermosetting resin placed in container 15.

It is to be understood that the application of rubber and theapplication of a thermosetting resin may be in the alternative. Theapplication of rubber is to impart flexibility, while the application ofthe thermosetting resin is to impart hardness. There maybe a compromisetherebetween to achieve the desired product.

As previously stated this may be done either by changing the take uproller to a pay out roller 11 or by continuing the line and continuingthe application of the rubber or the rubber and the resin at a pointbetween nip rolls 22 and 23 and take up roller 26 as shown in FIG. 2 andas previously described.

Thereafter the strip 24 will be cut in sections. Preferably eachadjacent section is turned 90 degrees to the next adjacent section. Thenthe sections are placed in a press and laminated under pressure toadhere the various layers to each other prior to forming a wheel, stick,pull or point, as hereinafter exemplified.

A section of strip 24 as it leaves roller 22 and 23 is shown in FIG. 3.Particles 40 of the abrasive material 21 are shown between the strips 12and 14 saturated with the binder 19 therebetween. There are spaces orinterstices 41 between the abrasive particles 40. The abrasive particles40 are of greater dimension than the thickness of strips 12 and 14 andmay range in grit size from #16 to #320.

The strip 24 which may vary in width up to forty-eight inches (48") ormore is then cut into sections as exemplified in FIG. 4 by the sections24a, 24b, and 24c and placed between pressure platens 43 and 44. Onlythree sections are shown in FIG. 4 for simplicity of illustration, andto exemplify the invention. The final product may include many layers24.

Neither FIGS. 3 or 4 are to scale and are merely exemplary.

The platens 43 and 44 are heated to cure the thermosetting resin, ifsuch resin is utilized.

As the layers 24a-24c are compressed by the platens 43 and 44 the strips12 and 14 and the resultant layers 24a-24c will flex and bend with theabrasive particles of one of the strips entering the interstices betweenthe abrasive particles of adjacent layers.

The fiber content of the resultant product provides a buffing action aswell as providing a carrier or base for the abrasive particles as wellas tensile strength. The rubber coating contributes flexibility andresiliency to the individual layers 24 as well as the completed productand bond strength. The thermosetting resin contributes to the desireddegree of hardness, and bond strength.

In the final lamination of a product under heat and pressure, the rubber29 and resin 36 may displace or combine with the binder. The amount ofrubber and the amount of resin are chosen to provide a compromisebetween flexibility and rigidity.

This is exemplified in FIG. 4 by the imaginary lines I and J which showthe interlocking of the abrasive particles of layers 24a with theabrasive particles of layer 24b, and additionally the interlocking ofthe abrasives particles of layers 24b with those of layers 24c. Theinterlocking effect may be greater than that shown in FIG. 4.

It will be understood that FIG. 4 is merely exemplary for three layersof the product. A great multiplicity of layers 24 may be utilized forthe final product.

In compressing as shown in FIG. 4 the final product maybe compressed65-80% of the thickness of the total individual layers 24, leaving20-35% of total of individual layers.

As pressure is applied by the platens the abrasive particles of eachstrip enter the interstices between the particles of adjacent strips andthe strips 12 and 14 deform accordingly as shown on either side of theimaginary lines I and J. This provides a greater interlocking of theabrasive particles of each layer 24 and greater tensile strength.

A disc may be formed from a laminate product by punching, pressing orcutting with a saw.

FIG. 5 is a view of a grinding disc 50 made in accordance with theinvention where a multiplicity of laminations 24 is utilized to make thefinal product, and the final product is to be used as a grinding wheelor disc.

FIG. 6 is exemplary of an abrasive stick 60 shown as round, but whichalso may be rectangular and which is cut from a product embodying theinvention.

FIG. 7 is a view of a grinding wheel 70 which maybe formed from aproduct embodying the invention having a turning shaft 71 thereon. Thisproduct is formed by turning a blank of the laminated product into acircular wheel.

FIG. 8 is a view of grinding point 80 mounted on a shaft 81 made from alaminated product embodying the invention. This product is formed byturning while grinding a blank of the laminated product.

The invention may be utilized to produce various abrasive tools as shownand described.

It may thus be seen that the objects of the invention set forth, as wellas those made apparent from the foregoing description, are efficientlyattained. While preferred embodiments of the invention has been setforth for purposes of disclosure, modification to the disclosedembodiments of the invention, as well as other embodiments thereof, mayoccur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims areintended to cover all embodiments of the invention and modifications tothe disclosed embodiments which do not depart from the spirit and scopeof the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An abrasive product which comprises laminationsof a plurality of layers, each layer comprising outer sheets of fibresandwiching a layer of abrasive particles therebetween, the major crosssection dimension of said abrasive particles being greater than thethickness of said fibre sheets, said layers of fibre and abrasiveparticles being laminated together with an adhesive under pressurewhereby the abrasive particles of one layer penetrate within theinterstices of abrasive particles of another layer.
 2. The abrasiveproduct of claim 1 where said layers are coated with rubber prior tolaminating.
 3. The abrasive product of claim 1 where said layers arecoated with a thermosetting resin prior to laminating and are laminatedunder heat as well as pressure.
 4. An abrasive product which compriseslaminations of a plurality of layers, each layer comprising outer sheetsof fibre sandwiching a layer of uniformly deposited abrasive particlestherebetween, said particles defining interstices therebetween, themajor cross section dimension of said abrasive particles being greaterthan the thickness of said fibre sheets, said layers of fibre andabrasive particles being laminated together with an adhesive underpressure whereby the particles of one layer penetrate within theinterstices of abrasive particles of an adjacent layer and form aninterlocking bond in a direction essentially perpendicular to thedirection of pressure applied thereto.
 5. The product of claim 4 whereinthe layers may comprise a coating of one or both of a liquid rubber anda thermosetting resin, and said layers are laminated under pressure. 6.The product of claim 5 wherein the layers are subjected to heat as wellas pressure to cure said thermosetting resin.
 7. The product of claim 1wherein said outer sheets are of prebonded carded fibre.
 8. The productof claim 4 wherein said outer sheets are of prebonded carded fibre.